Tax incentives, explained
How federal incentives make clean energy pencil out
A plain-English overview of the main federal tools behind solar and storage projects. Rules are detailed and changing; your tax advisor should confirm how they apply to you.
Section 48 & 48E investment tax credits
The Investment Tax Credit (ITC), which has been around since 1978, is a credit equal to a percentage of eligible project cost, claimed in the year the project is placed in service.
- §48 (legacy): projects that began construction before Jan 1, 2025.
- §48E (Clean Electricity ITC): facilities and storage placed in service after 2024.
- Rate: 6% base, or 30% when prevailing wage & apprenticeship rules are met (or the project is under 1 MW AC).
- Wind & solar deadline (2025 law): construction begun by July 4, 2026, or placed in service by Dec 31, 2027.
- Storage: still eligible beyond 2027, subject to foreign-entity (FEOC) restrictions.
Bonus credit adders
Projects meeting the 30% rate can add percentage points:
- Energy community: +10 points.
- Domestic content: +10 points (U.S. steel, iron & manufactured-product thresholds rise each year).
- Low-income communities: +10 or +20 points for eligible projects under 5 MW AC, by competitive IRS allocation.
Transferability
Under §6418, project owners can sell all or part of a credit to an unrelated buyer for cash. Buyers use it to reduce their federal income tax.
- One-time transfer, after IRS pre-filing registration.
- Tax-exempt and government entities can instead use elective (direct) pay under §6417.
Carryback & carryforward
Credits you can't use this year aren't lost.
- Carry back 3 years to offset tax already paid (not before 2023 tax years).
- Carry forward 22 years.
- These periods also apply to credits bought by transfer.
Offset tax on many income types (with limits)
These are general business credits. They can offset federal income tax liability, including tax on active income for qualifying taxpayers.
- Individual investors and individual credit buyers are subject to passive activity (§469) and at-risk (§49/§465) limits, which may restrict use to passive income.
- Confirm your situation with your tax advisor.
Depreciation
Owners can also recover project cost through depreciation, on top of the credit.
- Basis adjustment: depreciable basis is reduced by half of the ITC claimed.
- Bonus depreciation: 100% first-year deduction, made permanent for qualifying property acquired after Jan 19, 2025.
- Accelerated MACRS: energy property has generally been 5-year property; for wind and solar that began construction after 2024, confirm the recovery period with your advisor.
Not tax advice. This summary is for general information only and doesn't cover every requirement (for example, prevailing wage, foreign-entity, recapture and beginning-of-construction rules). Consult a qualified tax advisor before making any decision. Rules current as of October 2026.